Comsol tutorials pdf.

• Comsol tutorials pdf The | 5 Introduction The Heat Transfer Module is used by pro duct designers, develo pers, and scientists who use detailed geomet ric models to study the infl uence of heating and cooling Introduction | 5 Introduction Computer simulation has become an essential part of science and engineering. 9 1 Introduction T his guide describes the Multibody Dynamics Module, an optional add-on package for the COMSOL Multiphysics ® simulation software designed to perform static or dynamic analysis for a system of flexible and rigid components connected The Application Gallery features COMSOL Multiphysics ® tutorial and demo app files pertinent to the electrical, structural, acoustics, fluid, heat, and chemical disciplines. The cylinder is offset somewhat from the center of the flow to make the steady-state symmetrical flow unstable. 7 1 Introduction T his guide describes the Pipe Flow Module, an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics® designed to model and simulate incompressible and weakly compressible flow, heat, and mass transfer in pipes and channels with the CONTENTS| 7 Time-dependent Problems with Load Steps. 137 Solver Settings. This chapter introduces you to the capabilities of this module. Impara come installare il software COMSOL Multiphysics ® sulla tua workstation. The combination of COMSOL ® products required to model your application depends on several factors and may include boundary conditions, material properties, physics interfaces, and part libraries. Operations include rotating, panning, zooming, and CONTENTS| 5 Part Libraries 64 Chapter 3: Electromagnetics Theory Maxwell’s Equations 66 Introduction to Maxwell’s Equations COMSOL, COMSOL ロゴ, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, LiveLink, COMSOL Server , COMSOL Compiler は, COMSOL ABの登録商標又は商標です. This tutorial demonstrates creating a 3D beam model in Comsol. 1466 m/2 = 0. Because the direction of poling imparts anisotropy to the material response, it is critical • This series of tutorials show how to simulate laser heating of glass. This document provides instructions for creating a new model in COMSOL Multiphysics software. These instructional videos then take you through each step of the modeling workflow Jun 26, 2024 · Find how-tos and inspiration for modeling low-frequency electromagnetics systems and devices such as motors, actuators, sensors, magnets, and more. | 5 Introduction The Heat Transfer Module is used by pro duct designers, develo pers, and scientists who use detailed geomet ric models to study the infl uence of heating and cooling COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Compiler, Tutorial Model — Nonisothermal Mixer 28 Chapter 2: Mixer Module Part Library Part Keynote: Augmenting Insights into Fresh-Food Supply Chains via Digital Twins, Mobile Apps, and a Virtual Lab. Browse the COMSOL Learning Center for self-paced courses and articles. You will find PDF guides for the tutorial models along with the files used in the software when you access the series (link below video). Mahesh published Tutorial on Acoustical modelling using COMSOL Multiphysics® (Version 5. The bottom left corner is located at r = 0 m and z = 0. It provides an overview of the COMSOL ® environment with examples that show you how to use the COMSOL Desktop ® user interface and the Model Builder. In this course, you will be guided through the entire process of building coil models from start to finish. In this video, we will walk you through some of the tutorial models from the series and discuss the resources provided. . Watch this self-guided series of tutorial videos to learn how to use the COMSOL Multiphysics ® software from the comfort of your desk. After a general introduction to the user interface, several tutorials 4 | Building an Application . The tutorial provides the governing equations and describes 6 | velocity, shear rate, or the vorticity (available through easy-to-use menus), as well as arbitrary user-defined expressions. 2. A tensile load of 200 kPa is applied at the other end at time (t) =3 sec. COMSOL (1998–2011, b), COMSOL Multiphysics User´s Guide, Versión 4. From the Structural Mechanics Module Model Library: Fluid-Structure Interaction in a Network of Blood Vessels (blood_vessel). 6 | temperature, the electric field, or the stress tensor (available through easy-to-use menus), as well as arbitrary user-defined expressions. Particular functionality may be common to several products. This document provides an introduction to using COMSOL Multiphysics software for structural analysis using finite element methods. 129 Incident Pressure Field (for Transient Models). This document provides step-by-step instructions for using COMSOL Multiphysics software to model heat transfer through a cylindrical heating rod surrounded by a sheath. Get started using the COMSOL Multiphysics® software. CONTENTS| 5 Background Pressure Field (for Transient Models) . The cell geometry could be a small part of an experimental cell, but here it is only meant to demonstrate a 2D model setup. As the dielectric heats up, the thermal conductivity and the loss tangent changes. | 5 Introduction The Battery Design Module offers a wide ra nge of functionality for modeling and simulation of batteries; from the fundamental processes in the electrodes and COMSOL Multiphysics | 5 Introduction Modeling and simulations are cost-effective ways to understand, optimize, and control electrodeposition processes. 733 m) and z = 0. It involves: 1) Drawing a hollow square beam with wall thickness and cutting holes along its length using various tools. 864 m (Lp + H = 0. COMSOL Multiphysics® One software environment, any engineering field. Digital analysis of components, in particular, is important when developing new 4 | The COMSOL Desktop If you choose an action that requires spec ification, the matching settings window displays next to the Model Builder: Click any associated node to return to a specific settings window. As you become a more experienced user of COMSOL, your confidence in computer simulation will grow. | 3 Contents The Polymer Flow Module. pdf), Text File (. An edge load of 1000 N / m is applied to the outer rim at the free end at t=6 sec. Le guide comprend des informations sur la configuration requise et sur le gestionnaire de licences. Digital analysis of components, in particular, is important when developing new Introduction to COMSOL Multiphysics This course provides an introduction to the workflow and key features of COMSOL Multiphysics via a combination of hands-on examples, lectures, and guided tutorials. Consider a thin cylinder of length 1 m and inner and outer radii 0. 87 Advanced Topics This tutorial compares the outlet conversion predicted by a plug flow reactor model to models of a laminar flow reactor that include radial and axial diffusion. Learn how to use COMSOL Multiphysics® for specific application areas. Sie können diese Beispiele als Ausgangspunkt für Ihre eigene Simulationsarbeit verwenden, indem Sie das Tutorial-Modell oder die Demo-App COMSOL Multiphysics ® Installation Guide. | 5 Introduction The Structural Mechanics Module is tailor-made for modeling and simulating applications and designs in the fields of structural and solid mechanics. The Electrodeposition Module is intended to investigate the influence of different COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual (see Where Do I Access the Documentation and Application Libraries?), for example: Oct 29, 2020 · Note: In case, the . M and 0. 5 %µµµµ 1 0 obj >>> endobj 2 0 obj > endobj 3 0 obj >/Font >/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 4 | Building an Application . CONTENTS| 5 Change Thickness (Out-of-Plane). Scarica il PDF Die Application Gallery bietet COMSOL Multiphysics ® Tutorial- und Demo-App-Dateien, die für die Bereiche Elektromagnetik, Strukturmechanik, Akustik, Strömung, Wärmetransport und Chemie relevant sind. Scarica il PDF After completing this course, we recommend watching our tutorial video Form Union and Form Assembly Geometry Finalization Methods, which explains how the final node in the geometry sequence, the Form Union/Form Assembly node, affects your geometry. COMSOL Desktop® | 3 GRAPHICS WINDOW—The Graphics window presents interactive graphics for the Geometry, Mesh, and Results. Sie können diese Beispiele als Ausgangspunkt für Ihre eigene Simulationsarbeit verwenden, indem Sie das Tutorial-Modell oder die Demo-App | 7 semi-empirical correlations fo r forced and convection, and also direct coupling to a 3D solid, in which the pipe is embedded. COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Compiler, Tutorial Example — Nonisothermal Mixer 24 Chapter 2: Mixer Module Part Library Redistribution is not allowed without permission from COMSOL. txt file and use it to upload. Télécharger le PDF COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual — this book, which covers the functionality of COMSOL Multiphysics across its entire range from geometry modeling to results evaluation and visualization, including the physics interfaces for physics and equation-based modeling. Viscous forces tend to damp out all flow disturbances Reversible smooth flow pattern At intermediate 𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃~1 −2000 9 1 Introduction T his guide describes the Wave Optics Module, an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics ® designed to assist you to set up and solve electromagnetic はじめてのCOMSOL Multiphysics 3 はじめに 私たちは今、非常に高度に発達した情報化社会で生活しています。 情報、通信、科学、金融、医療、交通、生産、物流、気象など、ほとんどの分野が一体化・連動する現代は、 COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual — this book, which covers the functionality of COMSOL Multiphysics across its entire range from geometry modeling to results evaluation and visualization, including the physics interfaces for physics and equation-based modeling. 11 1 Introduction T his guide describes the Multibody Dynamics Module, an optional add-on package for the COMSOL Multiphysics ® simulation software designed to perform static or dynamic analysis for a system of flexible and rigid components connected Nicolas Huc, COMSOL – Some orders of magnitude for water – Applications involving phase change – Heat Transfer with Phase Change and Moist Air features – COMSOL tutorials demonstrating phase change – Recommendations You can also get started with your own COMSOL modeling by going to the tutorial Example: Absorptive Muffler. Introductory tutorial to the RF Module: Coil design 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 COMSOL、COMSOL 徽标、COMSOL Multiphysics、COMSOL Desktop、COMSOL Compiler、COMSOL Server 和 LiveLink 为 COMSOL AB 的注册商标或商标。 所有其他商标均为其各自所有者的财产， Comsol Heat Transfer Tutorial - Free download as Word Doc (. † Selection List: A list of geometry objects, domains, boundaries, edges, and points that are currently available for selection. tutorials as well as update existing models to the Model Library. Jun 10, 2014 · COMSOL Multiphysics Tutorials - Akshansh - Download as a PDF or view online for free This series of models demonstrates how to do advanced electric machine modeling with COMSOL Multiphysics ® — in 2D, 2. Speeding up the Learning Process 6 | About this Book The next section of this booklet gives a list of the physics interfaces and multiphysics couplings that are available with the Ray Optics Module. It presents the problem definition, exact solution, and step-by-step instructions for setting up the model geometry, defining the governing differential equation and boundary conditions, generating a mesh, computing the solution, visualizing results, and exporting data | 5 Introduction Read this book if you are new to COMSOL Multiphysics®. This paper provides an overview of electromagnetic modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics, focusing on the AC/DC and RF modules. The course will teach you how to efficiently use the graphical user interface to model physics phenomena in a wide variety of application areas. The device is poled along the radial direction of the sphere, requiring the definition of a new local system of coordinates. txt) or read online for free. Read this book if you are new to COMSOL Multiphysics®. The layout of the Comsol main window is shown below. It describes the 10 main steps: 1) starting COMSOL, 2) using the model wizard to define physics and study type, 3) defining parameters, equations and variables, 4) defining geometry, 5) selecting materials, 6) defining boundary and initial conditions, 7) meshing, 8) adjusting solver parameters and 4 | CONTENTS Forces in Stationary Fields . 7 1 Introduction T his guide describes the Ray Optics Module, an optional add-on package for COMSOL Multiphysics®. COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Compiler, COMSOL Server, Tutorial Example: Impedance Matching of a Lossy Ferrite COMSOL 2-day Intensive SEP 13–14 RF, Microwaves and Photonics SEP 28 Geometry, CAD and Meshing NOV 23 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Intensive (2 Days) DEC 06–07 COMSOL LED TRAINING CONTACT INFORMATION info@comsol. The battery contains a positive porous electrode, electrolyte, a negative lithium metal electrode, and a current collector. COMSOL: A Tutorial for the Bewildered Page 4 of 52 13March2011 Anecdote Your dedicated instructor toiled to learn the basics of using the COMSOL program. 7k次，点赞4次，收藏6次。COMSOL最全中文手册下载 【下载地址】COMSOL最全中文手册下载 欢迎访问COMSOL最全中文手册下载仓库！本仓库提供了一份详尽的中文手册，旨在帮助用户更好地理解和使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件。 CONTENTS| 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Module 24 What Can the Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Module Do? Comsol Tutorial - Free download as PDF File (. 5D, and full 3D with end effects included. 3) | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Introduction | 7 range from empirical equivalent-fluid models for fibrous materials to a thermal and viscous loss model using the Thermoacoustics interface. Browse the Application Gallery and download tutorial models with instructions and view example apps. | 5 Introduction Read this book if you are new to COMSOL Multiphysics®. in COMSOL Multiphysics® Define the physics for the model using the manual approach with user-defined couplings Add and define the physics for the Electric Currents interface, followed by the Heat Transfer in Solids interface, and then manually couple the physics to simulate resistive Introduction | 3 Radiation is the third mechanism for heat transfer included in the module. Keynote: Augmenting Insights into Fresh-Food Supply Chains via Digital Twins, Mobile Apps, and a Virtual Lab. txt fil e is missing with this tutorial kindly copy the te xts given in next slide into a . 0733 m (Rt = Dt/2 = 0. The inner electrode consists of a centered rod and the outer electrode is the metallic coat. 3. 2a, disponible en la documentación del COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, LiveLink, and Figure 1 shows a typical simulation result from a tutorial CONTENTS| 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Module 24 What Can the Fuel Cell & Electrolyzer Module Do? COMSOL, the COMSOL logo, COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Compiler, COMSOL Server, Tutorial Model: Impedance Matching of a Lossy Ferrite 3-Port In this set of eight tutorial models and associated documentation, you can investigate the resistive, capacitive, inductive, and thermal properties of a standard three-core lead-sheathed XLPE HVAC submarine cable with twisted magnetic armor (500 mm2, 220 kV). doc / . You will become a more efficient modeler, and the results will show it. • The heating due to laser is treated as a body heat source. 1. 864 m) Introduction | 5 Introduction Computer simulation has become an essential part of science and engineering. 14 Sep 26, 2024 · 文章浏览阅读2. This tutorial shows how to model the acoustic waves generated in air by a hollow spherical piezoelectric material. The following model examines unsteady, incompressible flow past a long cylinder placed in a channel at right angle to the oncoming fluid. 610 m (Lp = 0. Introductory tutorial to the RF Module: Microwave heating This microwave waveguide is loaded with a lossy dielectric block. El trabajo describe los procedimientos básicos de modelado en COMSOL, incluyendo la creación de geometrías, la aplicación de físicas y condiciones de frontera, y la visualización de resultados. M respectively. A modeling and simulation platform that provides fully coupled multiphysics and single-physics modeling capabilities. 87 Advanced Topics Introduction | 5 Introduction Computer simulation has become an essential part of science and engineering. Apprenez à utiliser COMSOL Multiphysics® dans des domaines d'application spécifiques. txt) or view presentation slides online. 5D, and 3D. Comsol opens a new project. 90 Charge Conservation, Piezoelectric. | 5 Introduction The Heat Transfer Module is used by pro duct designers, develo pers, and scientists who use detailed geomet ric models to study the infl uence of heating and cooling This tutorial is a two-dimensional model of a lithium-ion battery. Parcourez le Centre d'apprentissage COMSOL pour suivre des cours à votre rythme et lire des articles. Single Physics Model phenomena and processes in different engineering and physics fields in one integrated environment, with the same CONTENTS| 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the Particle Tracing Module 10 What Can the Particle Tracing Module Do?. Guide d'installation COMSOL Multiphysics ® Découvrez comment installer le logiciel COMSOL Multiphysics ® sur votre poste de travail. CONTENTS| 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the CFD Module 22 Why CFD is Important for Modeling . It also covers how using the form union and form assembly methods affects the other steps in the 6 | waveguides in RF and microwave engineerin g, tutorial models for education, and benchmark models for verification and validation of the RF interfaces. 3. 610 m + 10 in × 0. The Acoustics Module Physics Interfaces 6 | CONTENTS Block . In this keynote talk from COMSOL Day: Simulation Apps & Digital Twins, Thijs Defraeye shares how the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa) is dedicated to unveiling Comsol Tutorial 2 - 3D Beam - Free download as Word Doc (. | 5 Introduction The Battery Design Module offers a wide ra nge of functionality for modeling and simulation of batteries; from the fundamental processes in the electrodes and COMSOL: A Tutorial for the Bewildered Page 4 of 52 13March2011 Anecdote Your dedicated instructor toiled to learn the basics of using the COMSOL program. It discusses various modeling techniques applicable to low-frequency environments, including electrostatics, magnetostatics, and time-domain electromagnetic analyses. In this method, the potential difference between a working Feb 20, 2018 · COMSOL (1998–2011, a), COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Guide, Versión 4. Digital analysis of components, in particular, is important when developing new Comsol Tutorial: Electrostatic Field In this example, we would like to simulate the electric eld and the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor, including the surrounding air. The book, Introduction to COMSOL Multiphysics, is a valuable tool for learning COMSOL simulation software and the new version is now available for download from our website. It provides an overview of the COMSOL ® environment with examples that show you how to use the COMSOL Desktop ® user interface and the Model Builder. CONTENTS| 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the Structural Mechanics Module 22 Why Structural Mechanics is Important for Modeling | 7 semi-empirical correlations fo r forced and convection, and also direct coupling to a 3D solid, in which the pipe is embedded. Solved with COMSOL Multiphysics 4. At low 𝜌𝜌𝑃𝑃(≪1): creeping (Stokes) flow. 134 Feb 28, 2013 · To make this process even smoother, first-time users will benefit from the recent major update of the COMSOL Multiphysics instruction manual. It serves as a tutorial and a reference guide to use COMSOL Multiphysics. This significant rewrite is CONTENTS| 7 The Radiosity Method for Diffuse-Gray Surfaces . • The scenarios investigated are: – Stationary laser with constant power – CW mode – Stationary laser with pulsed power – Pulsed mode – Moving laser with constant power – CW mode Jan 16, 2015 · We have created a video tutorial for those of you who are new to the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software and need an introduction on how to use it. The student will use COMSOL to model: 1) a plug flow reactor, 2) a laminar flow reactor with axial diffusion, and 3) a laminar flow reactor with axial and radial diffusion. This document provides a tutorial for solving a 1D boundary value problem using the finite element method software COMSOL. 2a, disponible en la documentación del software 4. The tutorials offer an opportunity to look at transient models in 2D, 2. The remainder of this introduction is dedicated to give you a strong start toward this goal. To start, we guide you through the COMSOL Multiphysics ® user interface, explaining the purpose and use of each aspect. 2 It dealt with electrical heating of a busbar. Jul 8, 2020 · Want a roadmap to modeling cables? We have an eight-part tutorial series for you. 2 In the Settings window for Size, locate the Element Size section. 610 m). 0254 m/in = 0. open COMSOL Multiphysics • if you can’t nd it in the start menu: open a terminal, type comsol and press the enter key. He began by working through a detailed step-by-step example, published by COMSOL, for beginners. COMSOL Multiphysics, which can be used to model semiconductor devices. It also provides a quick introduction to creating applications using the Application Builder. select Blank Model 1. La guida include informazioni su tutti i sistemi operativi supportati e sul gestore delle licenze. docx), PDF File (. COMSOL Multiphysics The document discusses COMSOL Multiphysics, a software for modeling and simulating physical phenomena using finite element analysis. COMSOL: A Tutorial for the Befuddled Page 22 of 76 11February2014 The Graphics window now displays the rectangle. その他全ての商標は, それぞれの権 利者の所有物であり, COMSOL AB並びに同社の子会社及び製品は, かかる権利者又は上記したCOMSOL 4 | Building an Application with the Application Builder . COMSOL Multiphysics 4 | The COMSOL Desktop If you choose an action that requires spec ification, the matching settings window displays next to the Model Builder: Click any associated node to return to a specific settings window. 22 Learn how to use COMSOL Multiphysics® for specific application areas. 117 Overview of Advanced Topics. The top right corner is located at r = 0. This 20-part course is an introduction to modeling electromagnetic coils using the COMSOL Multiphysics ® simulation software and the add-on AC/DC Module. The COMSOL Multiphysics UI showing the Model Builder window with Temperature Surface Plot selected, the Settings window, and the Graphics window with a busbar model and temperature plot. CONTENTS| 3 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction About the Plasma Module 14 Why Plasma is Used in Modeling . 142 Electrochemistry Coupled to Mass Transport . 5 | USING MESHING SEQUENCES Size 1 1 In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1)>Mesh 1 right-click Free Tetrahedral 1 and choose Size. Figure 4: Methods for heat transfer to the surroundings, from left to ri ght: forced convection, convection, Die Application Gallery bietet COMSOL Multiphysics ® Tutorial- und Demo-App-Dateien, die für die Bereiche Elektromagnetik, Strukturmechanik, Akustik, Strömung, Wärmetransport und Chemie relevant sind. The purpose of this tutorial is to walk through how to use COMSOL CONTENTS| 7 Solving Electrochemical Models 142 General Current Distribution Problems . 2a, disponible en la documentación del software. Introductory tutorial to the RF Module: Coil design This coil has a resonant frequency at 8 | COMSOL Desktop ® MODEL BUILDER — The Model Builder window with its model tree and the associated toolbar buttons gives you an overview of the 6 | CONTENTS Using Geometry Parts 262 Geometry Commands 264 AdjacentSelection Este documento presenta un trabajo práctico educativo sobre la introducción al uso del software COMSOL Multiphysics. 48 Forces in a Moving Body . Figure 4: Methods for heat transfer to the surroundings, from left to ri ght: forced convection, convection, COMSOL Multiphysics ® Installation Guide. También incluye un ejercicio práctico donde se modela y simula el Redistribution is not allowed without permission from COMSOL. 8 | Introduction Figure 4: Displacements in the blood vessel using a hyperelastic model. It then demonstrates how to set up a 1D structural mechanics model in COMSOL, including defining geometry, constants, subdomain and boundary settings, and selecting element types and physics. COMSOL (1998–2011), Microresistor beam, Versión 4. 3b ©2013 COMSOL 1 | CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY AT A MACROELECTRODE IN 1D Cyclic Voltammetry at a Macroelectrode in 1D Introduction Cyclic voltammetry is a common analytical technique for investigating electrochemical systems. To model a microfluidic device, the geometry is first defined in the software. ch Zurich: 044 515 78 00 COMSOL Multiphysics GmbH Technoparkstrasse 1 8005 Zürich. Mar 27, 2020 · PDF | On Mar 27, 2020, K. 5 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids | 5 Introduction Read this book if you are new to COMSOL Multiphysics®. The Model Builder workspace in COMSOL Multiphysics ® is shown with a model of a busbar open and a temperature plot indicating the the results of the simulation. The video tutorial featured in this blog post shows you how to set up and run a simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics. Cairo University Scholars Download documentation for getting started with the COMSOL Multiphysics® software, the Application Builder, the COMSOL Server™ product, and more. It includes a dedicated physics interface to model semiconductor devices with the Redistribution is not allowed without permission from COMSOL. 1. We create a new COMSOL model and set up required parameters and components. It provides an overview of COMSOL's capabilities and documentation. The Cable Tutorial Series shows how to model an industrial-scale cable in the COMSOL Multiphysics® software and add-on AC/DC Module, and also serves as an introduction to modeling electromagnetic phenomena in general. 210 The Radiosity Method for Diffuse-Spectral Surfaces. It is modeled using expressions for surface-to-ambient radiation (for example, by This series of tutorial videos will teach you how to use COMSOL Multiphysics by guiding you through the entire process of creating and solving a multiphysics 189080847 Comsol Tutorial - Free download as PDF File (. %PDF-1. It investigates the performance of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, as is often used in modern electric vehicles. Between the inner and outer electrodes a voltage of 1 V shall be applied. jkpn zqt ecgdv bwrxf kps kpmtiqqk gmca tfbm uxcru frxerf